![]() The nuclear properties (atomic mass, nuclear cross-sections) of the element are determined by the number of protons and number of neutrons (neutron number). For example, actinides with odd neutron number are usually fissile (fissionable with slow neutrons) while actinides with even neutron number are usually not fissile (but are fissionable with fast neutrons). In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. ![]() The chemical properties of the atom are determined by the number of protons, in fact, by number and arrangement of electrons. Nuclides that have the same neutron number but a different proton number are called isotones. ![]() Neutron number is rarely written explicitly in nuclide symbol notation, but appears as a subscript to the right of the element symbol. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The atom consist of a small but massive nucleus surrounded by a cloud of rapidly moving electrons.
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